Episodic memory refers to the ability to learn and recall personal experiences, whereas semantic memory is a more stable representation of factual knowledge. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.Īlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by early and progressive decline in episodic memory due to medial temporal lobe pathology. All of the other authors declare that they have no competing interests. (Lutz, FL, USA), as well as compensation from expert legal opinion. He receives royalties for published neuropsychological tests (including the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery) from Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. (Aliso Viejo, CA), and Biogen (Cambridge, MA). (San Francisco, CA, USA), Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc. He is a paid consultant to Amarantus BioScience Holdings, Inc. He is a member of the Mackey-White Committee of the NFL Players Association. RAS has received research funding from Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Inc. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: BEG has received compensation for expert opinion. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The data file for this paper is posted at the Open Science Framework website (url: ).įunding: This study was funded by the National Institute on Aging ( ) grant P30 AG013846. Received: JAccepted: SeptemPublished: October 6, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Gavett et al. PLoS ONE 11(10):Įditor: Etsuro Ito, Waseda University, JAPAN (2016) Practice Effects on Story Memory and List Learning Tests in the Neuropsychological Assessment of Older Adults. Because the Logical Memory test is ubiquitous in cognitive aging and neurodegenerative disease research, its tendency to produce marked practice effects-especially on the delayed recall condition-suggests a threat to its validity as a measure of new learning, an essential construct for dementia diagnosis.Ĭitation: Gavett BE, Gurnani AS, Saurman JL, Chapman KR, Steinberg EG, Martin B, et al. These differential practice effects were moderated by clinical diagnosis, such that controls and MCI participants-but not participants with AD-improved more on Logical Memory delayed recall than on delayed NAB List Learning delayed recall over five annual assessments. However, for the delayed-but not the immediate-recall condition, Logical Memory generated more pronounced practice effects than NAB List Learning (b = 0.16, p <. The results indicated that both tests produced significant practice effects in controls and MCI participants in contrast, participants with AD declined or remained stable. Other variables, including age at baseline, sex, education, race, time (years) since baseline, and clinical diagnosis were also entered as fixed effects predictor variables. Up to five years of recall scores from participants who were diagnosed as cognitively normal (n = 96) or with mild cognitive impairment (MCI n = 72) or Alzheimer's disease (AD n = 121) at their most recent visit were analyzed with linear mixed effects regression to examine the interaction between the type of test and the number of times exposed to the test. Two hundred eighty-seven older adults, ages 51 to 100 at baseline, completed both tests as part of a larger neuropsychological test battery on an annual basis. We hypothesized that the most commonly used story memory test, Wechsler's Logical Memory, would generate more pronounced practice effects than a well validated but less common list learning test, the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) List Learning test. Two of the most commonly used methods to assess memory functioning in studies of cognitive aging and dementia are story memory and list learning tests.
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